(Credit: May Ann Kainola)

The newly revised and expanded Genocide, a nonfiction book for young adults, was first published in 2006. The book traces the history of genocides around the world (seven of which are ongoing), documenting the specific regimes and individuals responsible for genocidal crimes. Now incorporating cultural genocide (the destruction of Indigenous peoples’ identity) and transatlantic slavery, the book delves into the what-is-genocide debate and acknowledges that the definition continues to evolve: some experts now wonder if “ecocide” (the destruction of the environment) should be included in the definition.

Toronto author Jane Springer delivers a comprehensive overview with a scholarly tone. Critiquing international efforts, she writes, “The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Genocide Convention may as well have been documents written in disappearing ink for all the protection they provided for the half century following [the Second World War].” Springer notes that, in numerous countries – including the United States – genocide has not been officially recognized; rather, “the killings have been swept under the carpet of history.” 

In her examination of legislation, she shows the slow development of prosecution of perpetrators for their roles in genocide. For example, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia pushed legislation forward. In 2002, with widespread support, the International Criminal Court was established as a forum to investigate and prosecute individuals responsible for genocide – even those who couldn’t be prosecuted in their home country. A case in point: an arrest warrant for Vladimir Putin was issued, yet he hasn’t appeared in court. This raises the question: What forced other perpetrators to stand trial? Exactly how this court operates is not described in the book.

Springer addresses the importance of “ensuring that the events are remembered and discussed.” Acknowledging how difficult such crimes are to process, she believes “they help us understand what happened and rethink our relationship to the past.” Equally important is helping the survivors. NGOs active in war zones can be “the first to sound the alarm about possible genocidal situations.” 

The book’s palette of black, white, and blood red creates a look that is both striking and unsettling. Compelling die-cut illustrations by artist Santiago Solís depict flames, swords, and human skulls. Ten case studies, set off in pink, investigate specific genocides (e.g., the Holodomor in Ukraine). Other features include a timeline, a world map, endnotes, and recommended reading.

With its coverage of 31 genocides throughout history, Genocide asserts that we must continue to eradicate racism and other early indicators that lead to this crime. Students of law, political science, and history with strong reading skills will appreciate the clarity and honesty of this important, timely book.